أريد بحث ممتكامل من 40 صفحة عن الرياضة بشكل عام سوء كرة القدم أو السلة أو أي رياضية من الرياضيات بــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــســــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــرعــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــة
مشكورين إذا شفت البحث في المنتدى
مشكورين

هااي
خيو اني عندي عن الرياضة بس كل واحد بروحة فانتينى عدليه و كبري الخط بعد و حطي ليه خلفيات عشان ياخذ مساحة كبيرة

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FOOTBALL

Introduction.
Football is one of the most popular games on the entire planet. It is not really that difficult to see why. Anyone can play football, you do not have to be particularly tall or strong to play, nor do you have to be quick in thinking or movement (although these attributes do help, all can be overcome). Football allows the bringing together of all cultures and respect for fellow man.
A game can be played anywhere, whether you are watching two children kicking a coke can around on the driveway or 22 highly paid professionals playing in front of an audience of millions in major cup completions, football offers something for everyone.
Football is like a play. You have two halves full of drama and excitement, where the ending cannot be predicted (well usually). The combined heart beats of the crowd tell a different story from the side that is winning to the side that is not doing very well. The emotions at such matches are very strong and when your teams wins the elation you feel is outstanding. The climax for such passion is delivered usually in the last 10 minutes while you wait for your team to cling on agonizingly to a winning position. Or you are watching your team try and scrape back a desperately needed goal.

Warming Up.
It is very important before you undertake any exercise to warm the body up. This does not mean standing in front of a radiator for 3 hours.
The body is a very fine mechanism and if it is treated wrongly then problems could occur with it. These problems fall into pulled muscles and lack of flexibility. If you develop a good routine that stretches all of the parts of the body you will limit this.

Players.
They need to stretch the areas of the body that get the most stress in a game. These include the upper and lower legs. (hamstring, groin, calf), stomach, side muscles and neck. As a coach you need to raise the pulse and warm up your players over a few exercises rather than stretching straight off. This is important as it allows the body to get used to the exercise ahead of it. A bit like a motor car needs to warm up to run at its most efficient.

Goalkeepers.
Goalkeepers need to warm all the body parts and muscles I have talked about in the players section. However due to their important role goalkeepers also need to play particular attention to shoulders and arms.

Exercises.
Here below is one method for warming up your players.
First Pulse Raiser: (5 mins)
Get the players to run around the field slowly, gradually get them to increase the pace. Add some humor into this part of the session as it instills the players with confidence that you actually know what you are doing. Get them to jump in the air, pretend to head the ball, dart in and out and other basic moves designed to warm the body up.
Stretch: (Long enough to stretch all parts of the body)
Stretch gradually and hold the position for a few seconds. It is important not to bounce or jerk at the muscles as you can cause injury. Most people prefer to show off their skills with a football. The most important part of football is fitness the fitter you are the greater contribution you can make to a game. You will also make fewer mistakes. Many goals have been given away at the end of a game due to tiredness mentally due to physical tiredness. To learn how to stretch the muscles properly click on the link below.

Second Pulse Raiser: (5-10mins)
This really is to get the players pulses racing. In this part of the warm up it is important to make the players work hard. This will help improve on their fitness and stamina as they will be required to do additional exercise in the main part of the lesson. The body will learn to recover quickly as regular sessions take place.
Now you are ready for the main part of the lesson.

Shooting.
All aspects of football are important, the team makes or breaks the game. However without shots goals cannot be scored and the game cannot be won.
It is important that the player has the desire to score. Some players will prefer to pass or delay rather than shoot. Great goal scorers are greedy and they believe that they are more likely to score than anyone else on the pitch and because they have more shots than anyone else they are usually right.
It is important not to shoot when someone else is in a better position than you are, but be prepared to shoot whenever possible. If you do not shoot then you will never score.
Always support teammates who have had a shot rather than criticizing them. This is very important remember positive feeling and thinking is the way most games can be won or lost on a psychological level. Confidence is gained from experience and from when goals are scored.
One kick mainly used for shooting is the stab, almost toe poke. punting the ball forward while the goalkeeper waits for you to pull your foot back to shoot. Remember the place where you make contact with the ball is important to where the ball goes

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Basketball is a ball sport played by two teams of five players on a side. It is highly suited to viewing by spectators as an indoor sport with a relatively small court with only ten players. The ball is large and easy to follow, and the lack of protective gear makes it possible to see the reactions of players. It is one of the most popular sports in the United States and is also reasonably popular in other parts of the world such as southern Europe and in the former Soviet Union.

History
Basketball is that rare sport that was invented, largely from scratch and with rules close to its present ones, by one man. Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian, invented basketball in 1891, at a Young Men's Christian Association YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts. The first official basketball game was played there on January 20, 1892. Dr. Naismith wanted an indoor game of vigor and grace to keep young men occupied during the long New England winters. Basketball was popular from the beginning and, within a year, was being played all over the United States.
In the 1920s there were hundreds of professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the United States. There was little organization to the professional game; players jumped all the time from team to team; and teams played in armories and smoky dance halls. In 1946, the National Basketball Association (NBA) was formed, organising the professional teams and leading to greater popularity of the professional game.

The NBA produced many famous players such as Bill Russell, Michael Jordan, Wilt Chamberlain, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Oscar Robertson, Larry Bird, Magic Johnson, John Stockton, Allen Iverson, Bill Walton, and George Mikan.

Basketball was included in the Olympic Games in 1936, after a demonstration tournament was held in 1904. The sport has been part of the Olympic program since, and has been mostly dominated by the United States, who have so far won all but three titles - their first Olympic loss was in a controversial Olympic final in Munich in 1972 against the Soviet Union. Women's basketball was added to the Olympics in 1976 and since 1992, professional players are allowed to compete in the Olympics. With NBA players now eligible, the US Dream Team has been unbeatable, though Lithuania did come close against the slightly less-stellar 2000 Olympic team. A team made up of NBA players was humiliated in the 2002 World Championships in Indianapolis, finishing sixth behind Yugoslavia, Argentina, Germany, New Zealand, and Spain. In 1996, the Women's National Basketball Association was organized in the United States, and play began in 1997. World-wide, tournaments are held at many age levels, such as five to six year olds (usually called biddy-biddy), seven to eight year olds, nine to ten year olds, eleven to thirteen year olds (biddy), teenagers, jr. high-schoolers, high school, college, the professional leagues and master leagues. Tournaments are held at each level for both males and females.

Internationally, the sport is governed by the FIBA, Fédération Internationale de Basketball. Its global popularity is reflected in the nationalities represented in the NBA. Argentina has Emanuel Ginobili; Serbia and Montenegro Vlade Divac and Peja Stojakovic; Croatia Toni Kukoc and the late Drazen Petrovic; Germany Dirk Nowitzki; Puerto Rico Carlos Arroyo; China Yao Ming; Canada Steve Nash; and Australia Luc Longley, to name a few.


The Game
On the professional and amateur leagues level, games are either played to four quarters of twelve minutes each, or two halves of twenty minutes. Usually, if a player makes physical contact with an opposing team's member, this is called a personal foul, during which case the game clock stops. The clock must also be stopped everytime that a player commits an error, which are called turnovers. In practice, this makes the games last much longer than just the 40 or 48 minutes on the game clock.

In informal street (also known as pickup) games, a maximum of points (frequently fifteen) is set instead of a time limit. Typically, free throws are not used, and fouls are called by the fouled player only when it prevents a score. Often only one basket is used. In these halfcourt games, the rule is often that the scoring team gets the ball again, so that a defensive team must prevent a score in order to get a chance to score themselves. This "make-it-take-it" rule contrasts with the standard for full court games (both formal and pickup) in which the team scored upon gets the ball. Because free throws are not used, in the years before three-point lines, the universal convention was that a basket counted one point. Now the rules vary. Some times all shots still count one point, other times inside shots are two, and "three pointers" are really three points (in which case the game would be to 30 rather than 15), and still other times inside shots are a point and outside shots two.


A diagram of a basketball court. Larger Version.
The backboard and basket. Larger Version


The goal of each team is to throw the ball through their basket, whilst preventing their opponents from doing so. Teams score two points for putting the ball in the basket, three points for long-range shots, and one point for foul shots.



Basketball goal (hoop)Naturally, it's easier to score a basket when close to the basket than when farther away; however, offensive players in basketball may not tuck the ball under their arm and run with it. Instead, they must constantly bounce ("dribble") the ball as they advance to the basket; every dribble represents a chance for the ball to be mishandled or stolen.

Defensive players may not tackle an offensive player, and those who push, shove or impede their opponents risk getting called for a foul. Players who are fouled get either the ball or -- if they're in the act of shooting -- "free throw" shots from a line 15 feet from the basket for one point each. This was important to Dr. Naismith, who disliked the brutal blocking and tackling of American football. He wanted his game to be good clean exercise.

If a player commits five fouls in one game (six in some professional leagues) he is disqualified from the rest of the game, and a reserve player must take his place. It is also called fouling out. Arguing with a referee, fighting with another player, or interfering with a ball after it falls through the basket are grounds for a technical foul. Any player or coach with two technical fouls is disqualified from the game. Savvy defensive players use a wide array of legal and extra-legal techniques to hamper and frustrate the players they guard.

Each player occupies one of three positions: a team typically has two guards, two forwards, and one center. Any number of player substitutions are allowed during the game, though subs can only come onto the floor after a stoppage of play.

Male players wear shorts and a sleeveless top, and high-top sneakers that provide extra support to the ankles. Female players have worn shirts and skirts in the past, but most female players now wear uniforms identical to those worn by men. Some professional women's teams have switched to lycra bodysuits.

Being tall is a clear advantage in basketball. Very few professional players stand less than six feet (1.83 m). In men's professional leagues, guards tend to be the smallest players, though they can occasionally be taller, such as Magic Johnson (6'9"/2.06 m) and Toni Kukoc (6'11"/2.11 m). Forwards in the men's professional leagues are almost all 6'6" (1.98 m) or taller; the smallest centers are about 6'9" (2.06 m). Many centers, and a few forwards, are over 7 feet (2.13 m).

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Volleyball
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Volleyball is a popular team sport, originating in the United States and now played around the world. It is particularly popular in East Asia, including China and Japan and in Brazil. The game is popular with both male and female participants.


Rules
The game is played on indoor courts 18 metres long and 9 metres wide, divided into two 9x9 metre "team courts" by a one-metre wide net placed such that its highest point is 2.43 metres above the ground in men's competition, and 2.24 metres for women's competition (these heights are varied for veterans and junior competitions). There is a line 3 metres from and parallel to the net in each team court termed the "attack line". Each of the two teams consist of six players, three located in front of the attack line and three behind.

To get play started, a player from a team chosen by a coin toss throws the ball (a leather or synthetic leather ball about the size of a football but softer and lighter in consistency, inflated with compressed air) into the air and attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court. The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three digs (placing the hands together with the arms stretched out in front, so that when the ball hits the arms it will fly hopefully in the air either back over the net or to a teammate), sets (tapping the ball in the desired direction simultaneously with both hands above the head), or spikes\ (jumping, raising one arm above the head and punching the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court) to return the ball over the net (it may touch the top of the net on the way back) from where it came. The game continues in this manner until an error is made:


if the ball lands out of court or in the same court as the team that touched it last
the ball is touched more than three times before being returned to the other team's court
the same player touches the ball twice in succession*
the players of one team do not manage to touch the ball before the ball lands in their half of the court
a back-row player spikes the ball, unless he or she jumped from behind the attack line (the player is allowed to land in front of the attack line)
* Except if a player blocks (touches a ball sent over the net by the opposing team, while at the net) a ball that stays in the blocker's side of the net. In such an instance the blocker may play the ball another time without violating the rule against playing the ball twice in succession. Also, such a block does not count against the three allowed touches.
When an error is made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a point. The team that won the point is awarded the right to serve for the next point. The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points (and be two points ahead) awarded the set. Matches are played over best of five sets. Previously, points could only be scored when a team had the service; sets only went up to 15 points. This rule was changed in the late 1990s to increase the attractiveness of the game.

Generally, tall players with the ability to jump high are selected to play in the attack court, where they attempt to block or spike opponents initial hits and return the ball at high speed on steep trajectories so that the ball lands before the other team has time to react. If the opponent's hit does not allow this, teams will then try to use the "dig" stroke to put the ball sraight up in the air, then have a team member set the ball on a looping trajectory to a player at the front of the team court, who will then spike the ball as described.

Until recently, it was a foul if the ball contacted any part of the body below the waist. However, modern rules allow any part of the body to hit the ball, including the legs. Kick volleyball, where the ball is primarily contacted with the feet, is a popular variant, particular in South American countries.

Beach volleyball
A new variation of the game, beach volleyball, has evolved from the popular social games of volleyball played on many beaches around the world. This version, rather than played on indoor hard courts, is played on sand courts which may either be formed naturally or built specifically for the purpose. Instead of a team of six, each team consists of only two players, but otherwise the rules are identical.

One of the facets of beach volleyball is the use of hand signals by players to indicate to their partner what sort of play they intend to make. These signals are made behind the back, to avoid the opposition seeing the signals. Combined with the standard attire of female competitors, these pictures proved irresistable to editors of tabloid newspapers.

It started in Santa Monica, California in the 1920s. A decade later, beach volleyball began to appear in Europe. By the 1940s, two man tournaments were being played on the beaches of Santa Monica for trophies. In the 1960s, an attempt to start a professional volleyball league was made in Santa Monica. It failed, but a professional tournament was held in France for 30,000 French Francs. In the 1970s, a few professional tournaments in Santa Monica were sponsored by beer and cigarette companies. Most of the players representing the United States in the indoor Olympic Games were coming from the beaches of Southern California. The best players had to decide whether to play in professional tournaments, or to restrict themselves to amateur tournaments, so they could be eligible for the Olympic Games. In 1996, beach volleyball became a separate Olympic sport.


History
Volleyball was invented on February 9, 1895 by William Morgan from Holyoke, Massachusetts, United States.

An international federation, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), was founded in 1947, and World Championships were instuted in 1952. Volleyball was added to the program of the Olympic Games in 1964, and has been part ever since.

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Handball


Handball is the name of two different sports.

American handball
American (or Court) handball played against one or more walls has origins in pre-Hispanic central America (about 1500 BC) and Scotland/Ireland ca 1500 AD. It is similar to (and in fact preceded) Racquetball and Squash; Jai alai is also thought to have evolved from handball. It is played on a court forty feet long by twenty feet wide with either a single (front) wall, three walls, or in a fully enclosed four-wall. It may be played singles (one player, two teams), doubles, or "cutthroat" (three players rotating one-against-two). The ball, 2.3 oz, 1 7/8 inches (slightly smaller and harder than a racquetball), is hit with the gloved palm. The ball is "served" by one team, off the front wall. The ball must hit the front wall first; it may then hit only one side wall; the serve must pass the service line before the first bounce. It may be hit directly, or may bounce off the floor once before being "returned". The return must either hit the front wall directly, or may be hit off the back wall to the front wall (without hitting the ceiling or another wall).
Handball is significantly more physically demanding than racquetball. One well-known American handball player in the 1970s was "Sweaty Freddy". Ironically, it has lost popularity due to both racquetball's rise (as players migrated) and fall (as clubs lost courts).

Link: http://ushandball.org/

Team handball
European Team (or Field) handball is similar to Association football (soccer) and may have originated in either Germany, or earlier in Greece. It is played on a field forty meters long by twenty meters wide with a dividing line in the middle and a goal in the center of either end. The goal is to throw the ball into the goal of the opposing team. The ball, somewhat smaller than a (soccer) football, is transported by bouncing it between hands and floor (much as in basketball). The goals are surrounded by a close to semicircular line which no player, save the defending goalkeeper, may take a step inside. If a player should find himself inside the goal perimeter he must immediately take the most direct path out of it.
The game is quite fast and includes much contact as the defenders tries to bodily stop the attackers from approaching the goal.


International tournaments
Men

European handball championship men

Women
European handball championship women



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