السلام عليكم
شباب بغيت بحث عن Eng 104
عن الرياضة الأكثر شعبية أو المشهورة في البحرين
the most popular sport in bahrain
مثلا ً في وين طلعت وكيف يلعبونها ومتى تم لعبها وهالسوالف يعني...
وليس عن اللاعبين بل عن الرياضة شباب
اما تكون عن
1- كرة القدم
2- كرة السلة
3- كرة الطائرة
4- كرة اليد
ويا ليت تساعدوني........
لو تخربطون ليي شباب بس ابيه ضروري حق بكرا..........
تحياتي
قول الى السيده عندها
النويدري
النويدري
خليت له في الموضوع الأول
بس هو الله يهديه مستعجل على رزقه نزل موضوعين
بس هو الله يهديه مستعجل على رزقه نزل موضوعين
والله خوك ما اعرف السيده 
بس يالله يالسيده ساعدينا لو سمحتين..........
تحياتي
بس يالله يالسيده ساعدينا لو سمحتين..........
تحياتي
FOOTBALL
Introduction.
Football is one of the most popular games on the entire planet. It is not really that difficult to see why. Anyone can play football, you do not have to be particularly tall or strong to play, nor do you have to be quick in thinking or movement (although these attributes do help, all can be overcome). Football allows the bringing together of all cultures and respect for fellow man.
A game can be played anywhere, whether you are watching two children kicking a coke can around on the driveway or 22 highly paid professionals playing in front of an audience of millions in major cup completions, football offers something for everyone.
Football is like a play. You have two halves full of drama and excitement, where the ending cannot be predicted (well usually). The combined heart beats of the crowd tell a different story from the side that is winning to the side that is not doing very well. The emotions at such matches are very strong and when your teams wins the elation you feel is outstanding. The climax for such passion is delivered usually in the last 10 minutes while you wait for your team to cling on agonizingly to a winning position. Or you are watching your team try and scrape back a desperately needed goal.
Warming Up.
It is very important before you undertake any exercise to warm the body up. This does not mean standing in front of a radiator for 3 hours.
The body is a very fine mechanism and if it is treated wrongly then problems could occur with it. These problems fall into pulled muscles and lack of flexibility. If you develop a good routine that stretches all of the parts of the body you will limit this.
Players.
They need to stretch the areas of the body that get the most stress in a game. These include the upper and lower legs. (hamstring, groin, calf), stomach, side muscles and neck. As a coach you need to raise the pulse and warm up your players over a few exercises rather than stretching straight off. This is important as it allows the body to get used to the exercise ahead of it. A bit like a motor car needs to warm up to run at its most efficient.
Goalkeepers.
Goalkeepers need to warm all the body parts and muscles I have talked about in the players section. However due to their important role goalkeepers also need to play particular attention to shoulders and arms.
Exercises.
Here below is one method for warming up your players.
First Pulse Raiser: (5 mins)
Get the players to run around the field slowly, gradually get them to increase the pace. Add some humor into this part of the session as it instills the players with confidence that you actually know what you are doing. Get them to jump in the air, pretend to head the ball, dart in and out and other basic moves designed to warm the body up.
Stretch: (Long enough to stretch all parts of the body)
Stretch gradually and hold the position for a few seconds. It is important not to bounce or jerk at the muscles as you can cause injury. Most people prefer to show off their skills with a football. The most important part of football is fitness the fitter you are the greater contribution you can make to a game. You will also make fewer mistakes. Many goals have been given away at the end of a game due to tiredness mentally due to physical tiredness. To learn how to stretch the muscles properly click on the link below.
Second Pulse Raiser: (5-10mins)
This really is to get the players pulses racing. In this part of the warm up it is important to make the players work hard. This will help improve on their fitness and stamina as they will be required to do additional exercise in the main part of the lesson. The body will learn to recover quickly as regular sessions take place.
Now you are ready for the main part of the lesson.
Shooting.
All aspects of football are important, the team makes or breaks the game. However without shots goals cannot be scored and the game cannot be won.
It is important that the player has the desire to score. Some players will prefer to pass or delay rather than shoot. Great goal scorers are greedy and they believe that they are more likely to score than anyone else on the pitch and because they have more shots than anyone else they are usually right.
It is important not to shoot when someone else is in a better position than you are, but be prepared to shoot whenever possible. If you do not shoot then you will never score.
Always support teammates who have had a shot rather than criticizing them. This is very important remember positive feeling and thinking is the way most games can be won or lost on a psychological level. Confidence is gained from experience and from when goals are scored.
One kick mainly used for shooting is the stab, almost toe poke. punting the ball forward while the goalkeeper waits for you to pull your foot back to shoot. Remember the place where you make contact with the ball is important to where the ball goes
Introduction.
Football is one of the most popular games on the entire planet. It is not really that difficult to see why. Anyone can play football, you do not have to be particularly tall or strong to play, nor do you have to be quick in thinking or movement (although these attributes do help, all can be overcome). Football allows the bringing together of all cultures and respect for fellow man.
A game can be played anywhere, whether you are watching two children kicking a coke can around on the driveway or 22 highly paid professionals playing in front of an audience of millions in major cup completions, football offers something for everyone.
Football is like a play. You have two halves full of drama and excitement, where the ending cannot be predicted (well usually). The combined heart beats of the crowd tell a different story from the side that is winning to the side that is not doing very well. The emotions at such matches are very strong and when your teams wins the elation you feel is outstanding. The climax for such passion is delivered usually in the last 10 minutes while you wait for your team to cling on agonizingly to a winning position. Or you are watching your team try and scrape back a desperately needed goal.
Warming Up.
It is very important before you undertake any exercise to warm the body up. This does not mean standing in front of a radiator for 3 hours.
The body is a very fine mechanism and if it is treated wrongly then problems could occur with it. These problems fall into pulled muscles and lack of flexibility. If you develop a good routine that stretches all of the parts of the body you will limit this.
Players.
They need to stretch the areas of the body that get the most stress in a game. These include the upper and lower legs. (hamstring, groin, calf), stomach, side muscles and neck. As a coach you need to raise the pulse and warm up your players over a few exercises rather than stretching straight off. This is important as it allows the body to get used to the exercise ahead of it. A bit like a motor car needs to warm up to run at its most efficient.
Goalkeepers.
Goalkeepers need to warm all the body parts and muscles I have talked about in the players section. However due to their important role goalkeepers also need to play particular attention to shoulders and arms.
Exercises.
Here below is one method for warming up your players.
First Pulse Raiser: (5 mins)
Get the players to run around the field slowly, gradually get them to increase the pace. Add some humor into this part of the session as it instills the players with confidence that you actually know what you are doing. Get them to jump in the air, pretend to head the ball, dart in and out and other basic moves designed to warm the body up.
Stretch: (Long enough to stretch all parts of the body)
Stretch gradually and hold the position for a few seconds. It is important not to bounce or jerk at the muscles as you can cause injury. Most people prefer to show off their skills with a football. The most important part of football is fitness the fitter you are the greater contribution you can make to a game. You will also make fewer mistakes. Many goals have been given away at the end of a game due to tiredness mentally due to physical tiredness. To learn how to stretch the muscles properly click on the link below.
Second Pulse Raiser: (5-10mins)
This really is to get the players pulses racing. In this part of the warm up it is important to make the players work hard. This will help improve on their fitness and stamina as they will be required to do additional exercise in the main part of the lesson. The body will learn to recover quickly as regular sessions take place.
Now you are ready for the main part of the lesson.
Shooting.
All aspects of football are important, the team makes or breaks the game. However without shots goals cannot be scored and the game cannot be won.
It is important that the player has the desire to score. Some players will prefer to pass or delay rather than shoot. Great goal scorers are greedy and they believe that they are more likely to score than anyone else on the pitch and because they have more shots than anyone else they are usually right.
It is important not to shoot when someone else is in a better position than you are, but be prepared to shoot whenever possible. If you do not shoot then you will never score.
Always support teammates who have had a shot rather than criticizing them. This is very important remember positive feeling and thinking is the way most games can be won or lost on a psychological level. Confidence is gained from experience and from when goals are scored.
One kick mainly used for shooting is the stab, almost toe poke. punting the ball forward while the goalkeeper waits for you to pull your foot back to shoot. Remember the place where you make contact with the ball is important to where the ball goes
هذا عن كرة السلة
Basketball is a ball sport played by two teams of five players on a side. It is highly suited to viewing by spectators as an indoor sport with a relatively small court with only ten players. The ball is large and easy to follow, and the lack of protective gear makes it possible to see the reactions of players. It is one of the most popular sports in the United States and is also reasonably popular in other parts of the world such as southern Europe and in the former Soviet Union.
History
Basketball is that rare sport that was invented, largely from scratch and with rules close to its present ones, by one man. Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian, invented basketball in 1891, at a Young Men's Christian Association YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts. The first official basketball game was played there on January 20, 1892. Dr. Naismith wanted an indoor game of vigor and grace to keep young men occupied during the long New England winters. Basketball was popular from the beginning and, within a year, was being played all over the United States.
In the 1920s there were hundreds of professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the United States. There was little organization to the professional game; players jumped all the time from team to team; and teams played in armories and smoky dance halls. In 1946, the National Basketball Association (NBA) was formed, organising the professional teams and leading to greater popularity of the professional game.
The NBA produced many famous players such as Bill Russell, Michael Jordan, Wilt Chamberlain, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Oscar Robertson, Larry Bird, Magic Johnson, John Stockton, Allen Iverson, Bill Walton, and George Mikan.
Basketball was included in the Olympic Games in 1936, after a demonstration tournament was held in 1904. The sport has been part of the Olympic program since, and has been mostly dominated by the United States, who have so far won all but three titles - their first Olympic loss was in a controversial Olympic final in Munich in 1972 against the Soviet Union. Women's basketball was added to the Olympics in 1976 and since 1992, professional players are allowed to compete in the Olympics. With NBA players now eligible, the US Dream Team has been unbeatable, though Lithuania did come close against the slightly less-stellar 2000 Olympic team. A team made up of NBA players was humiliated in the 2002 World Championships in Indianapolis, finishing sixth behind Yugoslavia, Argentina, Germany, New Zealand, and Spain. In 1996, the Women's National Basketball Association was organized in the United States, and play began in 1997. World-wide, tournaments are held at many age levels, such as five to six year olds (usually called biddy-biddy), seven to eight year olds, nine to ten year olds, eleven to thirteen year olds (biddy), teenagers, jr. high-schoolers, high school, college, the professional leagues and master leagues. Tournaments are held at each level for both males and females.
Internationally, the sport is governed by the FIBA, Fédération Internationale de Basketball. Its global popularity is reflected in the nationalities represented in the NBA. Argentina has Emanuel Ginobili; Serbia and Montenegro Vlade Divac and Peja Stojakovic; Croatia Toni Kukoc and the late Drazen Petrovic; Germany Dirk Nowitzki; Puerto Rico Carlos Arroyo; China Yao Ming; Canada Steve Nash; and Australia Luc Longley, to name a few.
The Game
On the professional and amateur leagues level, games are either played to four quarters of twelve minutes each, or two halves of twenty minutes. Usually, if a player makes physical contact with an opposing team's member, this is called a personal foul, during which case the game clock stops. The clock must also be stopped everytime that a player commits an error, which are called turnovers. In practice, this makes the games last much longer than just the 40 or 48 minutes on the game clock.
In informal street (also known as pickup) games, a maximum of points (frequently fifteen) is set instead of a time limit. Typically, free throws are not used, and fouls are called by the fouled player only when it prevents a score. Often only one basket is used. In these halfcourt games, the rule is often that the scoring team gets the ball again, so that a defensive team must prevent a score in order to get a chance to score themselves. This "make-it-take-it" rule contrasts with the standard for full court games (both formal and pickup) in which the team scored upon gets the ball. Because free throws are not used, in the years before three-point lines, the universal convention was that a basket counted one point. Now the rules vary. Some times all shots still count one point, other times inside shots are two, and "three pointers" are really three points (in which case the game would be to 30 rather than 15), and still other times inside shots are a point and outside shots two.
A diagram of a basketball court. Larger Version.
The backboard and basket. Larger Version
The goal of each team is to throw the ball through their basket, whilst preventing their opponents from doing so. Teams score two points for putting the ball in the basket, three points for long-range shots, and one point for foul shots.
Basketball goal (hoop)Naturally, it's easier to score a basket when close to the basket than when farther away; however, offensive players in basketball may not tuck the ball under their arm and run with it. Instead, they must constantly bounce ("dribble") the ball as they advance to the basket; every dribble represents a chance for the ball to be mishandled or stolen.
Defensive players may not tackle an offensive player, and those who push, shove or impede their opponents risk getting called for a foul. Players who are fouled get either the ball or -- if they're in the act of shooting -- "free throw" shots from a line 15 feet from the basket for one point each. This was important to Dr. Naismith, who disliked the brutal blocking and tackling of American football. He wanted his game to be good clean exercise.
If a player commits five fouls in one game (six in some professional leagues) he is disqualified from the rest of the game, and a reserve player must take his place. It is also called fouling out. Arguing with a referee, fighting with another player, or interfering with a ball after it falls through the basket are grounds for a technical foul. Any player or coach with two technical fouls is disqualified from the game. Savvy defensive players use a wide array of legal and extra-legal techniques to hamper and frustrate the players they guard.
Each player occupies one of three positions: a team typically has two guards, two forwards, and one center. Any number of player substitutions are allowed during the game, though subs can only come onto the floor after a stoppage of play.
Male players wear shorts and a sleeveless top, and high-top sneakers that provide extra support to the ankles. Female players have worn shirts and skirts in the past, but most female players now wear uniforms identical to those worn by men. Some professional women's teams have switched to lycra bodysuits.
Being tall is a clear advantage in basketball. Very few professional players stand less than six feet (1.83 m). In men's professional leagues, guards tend to be the smallest players, though they can occasionally be taller, such as Magic Johnson (6'9"/2.06 m) and Toni Kukoc (6'11"/2.11 m). Forwards in the men's professional leagues are almost all 6'6" (1.98 m) or taller; the smallest centers are about 6'9" (2.06 m). Many centers, and a few forwards, are over 7 feet (2.13 m).
Basketball is a ball sport played by two teams of five players on a side. It is highly suited to viewing by spectators as an indoor sport with a relatively small court with only ten players. The ball is large and easy to follow, and the lack of protective gear makes it possible to see the reactions of players. It is one of the most popular sports in the United States and is also reasonably popular in other parts of the world such as southern Europe and in the former Soviet Union.
History
Basketball is that rare sport that was invented, largely from scratch and with rules close to its present ones, by one man. Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian, invented basketball in 1891, at a Young Men's Christian Association YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts. The first official basketball game was played there on January 20, 1892. Dr. Naismith wanted an indoor game of vigor and grace to keep young men occupied during the long New England winters. Basketball was popular from the beginning and, within a year, was being played all over the United States.
In the 1920s there were hundreds of professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the United States. There was little organization to the professional game; players jumped all the time from team to team; and teams played in armories and smoky dance halls. In 1946, the National Basketball Association (NBA) was formed, organising the professional teams and leading to greater popularity of the professional game.
The NBA produced many famous players such as Bill Russell, Michael Jordan, Wilt Chamberlain, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Oscar Robertson, Larry Bird, Magic Johnson, John Stockton, Allen Iverson, Bill Walton, and George Mikan.
Basketball was included in the Olympic Games in 1936, after a demonstration tournament was held in 1904. The sport has been part of the Olympic program since, and has been mostly dominated by the United States, who have so far won all but three titles - their first Olympic loss was in a controversial Olympic final in Munich in 1972 against the Soviet Union. Women's basketball was added to the Olympics in 1976 and since 1992, professional players are allowed to compete in the Olympics. With NBA players now eligible, the US Dream Team has been unbeatable, though Lithuania did come close against the slightly less-stellar 2000 Olympic team. A team made up of NBA players was humiliated in the 2002 World Championships in Indianapolis, finishing sixth behind Yugoslavia, Argentina, Germany, New Zealand, and Spain. In 1996, the Women's National Basketball Association was organized in the United States, and play began in 1997. World-wide, tournaments are held at many age levels, such as five to six year olds (usually called biddy-biddy), seven to eight year olds, nine to ten year olds, eleven to thirteen year olds (biddy), teenagers, jr. high-schoolers, high school, college, the professional leagues and master leagues. Tournaments are held at each level for both males and females.
Internationally, the sport is governed by the FIBA, Fédération Internationale de Basketball. Its global popularity is reflected in the nationalities represented in the NBA. Argentina has Emanuel Ginobili; Serbia and Montenegro Vlade Divac and Peja Stojakovic; Croatia Toni Kukoc and the late Drazen Petrovic; Germany Dirk Nowitzki; Puerto Rico Carlos Arroyo; China Yao Ming; Canada Steve Nash; and Australia Luc Longley, to name a few.
The Game
On the professional and amateur leagues level, games are either played to four quarters of twelve minutes each, or two halves of twenty minutes. Usually, if a player makes physical contact with an opposing team's member, this is called a personal foul, during which case the game clock stops. The clock must also be stopped everytime that a player commits an error, which are called turnovers. In practice, this makes the games last much longer than just the 40 or 48 minutes on the game clock.
In informal street (also known as pickup) games, a maximum of points (frequently fifteen) is set instead of a time limit. Typically, free throws are not used, and fouls are called by the fouled player only when it prevents a score. Often only one basket is used. In these halfcourt games, the rule is often that the scoring team gets the ball again, so that a defensive team must prevent a score in order to get a chance to score themselves. This "make-it-take-it" rule contrasts with the standard for full court games (both formal and pickup) in which the team scored upon gets the ball. Because free throws are not used, in the years before three-point lines, the universal convention was that a basket counted one point. Now the rules vary. Some times all shots still count one point, other times inside shots are two, and "three pointers" are really three points (in which case the game would be to 30 rather than 15), and still other times inside shots are a point and outside shots two.
A diagram of a basketball court. Larger Version.
The backboard and basket. Larger Version
The goal of each team is to throw the ball through their basket, whilst preventing their opponents from doing so. Teams score two points for putting the ball in the basket, three points for long-range shots, and one point for foul shots.
Basketball goal (hoop)Naturally, it's easier to score a basket when close to the basket than when farther away; however, offensive players in basketball may not tuck the ball under their arm and run with it. Instead, they must constantly bounce ("dribble") the ball as they advance to the basket; every dribble represents a chance for the ball to be mishandled or stolen.
Defensive players may not tackle an offensive player, and those who push, shove or impede their opponents risk getting called for a foul. Players who are fouled get either the ball or -- if they're in the act of shooting -- "free throw" shots from a line 15 feet from the basket for one point each. This was important to Dr. Naismith, who disliked the brutal blocking and tackling of American football. He wanted his game to be good clean exercise.
If a player commits five fouls in one game (six in some professional leagues) he is disqualified from the rest of the game, and a reserve player must take his place. It is also called fouling out. Arguing with a referee, fighting with another player, or interfering with a ball after it falls through the basket are grounds for a technical foul. Any player or coach with two technical fouls is disqualified from the game. Savvy defensive players use a wide array of legal and extra-legal techniques to hamper and frustrate the players they guard.
Each player occupies one of three positions: a team typically has two guards, two forwards, and one center. Any number of player substitutions are allowed during the game, though subs can only come onto the floor after a stoppage of play.
Male players wear shorts and a sleeveless top, and high-top sneakers that provide extra support to the ankles. Female players have worn shirts and skirts in the past, but most female players now wear uniforms identical to those worn by men. Some professional women's teams have switched to lycra bodysuits.
Being tall is a clear advantage in basketball. Very few professional players stand less than six feet (1.83 m). In men's professional leagues, guards tend to be the smallest players, though they can occasionally be taller, such as Magic Johnson (6'9"/2.06 m) and Toni Kukoc (6'11"/2.11 m). Forwards in the men's professional leagues are almost all 6'6" (1.98 m) or taller; the smallest centers are about 6'9" (2.06 m). Many centers, and a few forwards, are over 7 feet (2.13 m).
وهذا عن كرة الطائرة
Volleyball
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Volleyball is a popular team sport, originating in the United States and now played around the world. It is particularly popular in East Asia, including China and Japan and in Brazil. The game is popular with both male and female participants.
Rules
The game is played on indoor courts 18 metres long and 9 metres wide, divided into two 9x9 metre "team courts" by a one-metre wide net placed such that its highest point is 2.43 metres above the ground in men's competition, and 2.24 metres for women's competition (these heights are varied for veterans and junior competitions). There is a line 3 metres from and parallel to the net in each team court termed the "attack line". Each of the two teams consist of six players, three located in front of the attack line and three behind.
To get play started, a player from a team chosen by a coin toss throws the ball (a leather or synthetic leather ball about the size of a football but softer and lighter in consistency, inflated with compressed air) into the air and attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court. The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three digs (placing the hands together with the arms stretched out in front, so that when the ball hits the arms it will fly hopefully in the air either back over the net or to a teammate), sets (tapping the ball in the desired direction simultaneously with both hands above the head), or spikes\ (jumping, raising one arm above the head and punching the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court) to return the ball over the net (it may touch the top of the net on the way back) from where it came. The game continues in this manner until an error is made:
if the ball lands out of court or in the same court as the team that touched it last
the ball is touched more than three times before being returned to the other team's court
the same player touches the ball twice in succession*
the players of one team do not manage to touch the ball before the ball lands in their half of the court
a back-row player spikes the ball, unless he or she jumped from behind the attack line (the player is allowed to land in front of the attack line)
* Except if a player blocks (touches a ball sent over the net by the opposing team, while at the net) a ball that stays in the blocker's side of the net. In such an instance the blocker may play the ball another time without violating the rule against playing the ball twice in succession. Also, such a block does not count against the three allowed touches.
When an error is made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a point. The team that won the point is awarded the right to serve for the next point. The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points (and be two points ahead) awarded the set. Matches are played over best of five sets. Previously, points could only be scored when a team had the service; sets only went up to 15 points. This rule was changed in the late 1990s to increase the attractiveness of the game.
Generally, tall players with the ability to jump high are selected to play in the attack court, where they attempt to block or spike opponents initial hits and return the ball at high speed on steep trajectories so that the ball lands before the other team has time to react. If the opponent's hit does not allow this, teams will then try to use the "dig" stroke to put the ball sraight up in the air, then have a team member set the ball on a looping trajectory to a player at the front of the team court, who will then spike the ball as described.
Until recently, it was a foul if the ball contacted any part of the body below the waist. However, modern rules allow any part of the body to hit the ball, including the legs. Kick volleyball, where the ball is primarily contacted with the feet, is a popular variant, particular in South American countries.
Beach volleyball
A new variation of the game, beach volleyball, has evolved from the popular social games of volleyball played on many beaches around the world. This version, rather than played on indoor hard courts, is played on sand courts which may either be formed naturally or built specifically for the purpose. Instead of a team of six, each team consists of only two players, but otherwise the rules are identical.
One of the facets of beach volleyball is the use of hand signals by players to indicate to their partner what sort of play they intend to make. These signals are made behind the back, to avoid the opposition seeing the signals. Combined with the standard attire of female competitors, these pictures proved irresistable to editors of tabloid newspapers.
It started in Santa Monica, California in the 1920s. A decade later, beach volleyball began to appear in Europe. By the 1940s, two man tournaments were being played on the beaches of Santa Monica for trophies. In the 1960s, an attempt to start a professional volleyball league was made in Santa Monica. It failed, but a professional tournament was held in France for 30,000 French Francs. In the 1970s, a few professional tournaments in Santa Monica were sponsored by beer and cigarette companies. Most of the players representing the United States in the indoor Olympic Games were coming from the beaches of Southern California. The best players had to decide whether to play in professional tournaments, or to restrict themselves to amateur tournaments, so they could be eligible for the Olympic Games. In 1996, beach volleyball became a separate Olympic sport.
History
Volleyball was invented on February 9, 1895 by William Morgan from Holyoke, Massachusetts, United States.
An international federation, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), was founded in 1947, and World Championships were instuted in 1952. Volleyball was added to the program of the Olympic Games in 1964, and has been part ever since.
Volleyball
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Volleyball is a popular team sport, originating in the United States and now played around the world. It is particularly popular in East Asia, including China and Japan and in Brazil. The game is popular with both male and female participants.
Rules
The game is played on indoor courts 18 metres long and 9 metres wide, divided into two 9x9 metre "team courts" by a one-metre wide net placed such that its highest point is 2.43 metres above the ground in men's competition, and 2.24 metres for women's competition (these heights are varied for veterans and junior competitions). There is a line 3 metres from and parallel to the net in each team court termed the "attack line". Each of the two teams consist of six players, three located in front of the attack line and three behind.
To get play started, a player from a team chosen by a coin toss throws the ball (a leather or synthetic leather ball about the size of a football but softer and lighter in consistency, inflated with compressed air) into the air and attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court. The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three digs (placing the hands together with the arms stretched out in front, so that when the ball hits the arms it will fly hopefully in the air either back over the net or to a teammate), sets (tapping the ball in the desired direction simultaneously with both hands above the head), or spikes\ (jumping, raising one arm above the head and punching the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court) to return the ball over the net (it may touch the top of the net on the way back) from where it came. The game continues in this manner until an error is made:
if the ball lands out of court or in the same court as the team that touched it last
the ball is touched more than three times before being returned to the other team's court
the same player touches the ball twice in succession*
the players of one team do not manage to touch the ball before the ball lands in their half of the court
a back-row player spikes the ball, unless he or she jumped from behind the attack line (the player is allowed to land in front of the attack line)
* Except if a player blocks (touches a ball sent over the net by the opposing team, while at the net) a ball that stays in the blocker's side of the net. In such an instance the blocker may play the ball another time without violating the rule against playing the ball twice in succession. Also, such a block does not count against the three allowed touches.
When an error is made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a point. The team that won the point is awarded the right to serve for the next point. The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points (and be two points ahead) awarded the set. Matches are played over best of five sets. Previously, points could only be scored when a team had the service; sets only went up to 15 points. This rule was changed in the late 1990s to increase the attractiveness of the game.
Generally, tall players with the ability to jump high are selected to play in the attack court, where they attempt to block or spike opponents initial hits and return the ball at high speed on steep trajectories so that the ball lands before the other team has time to react. If the opponent's hit does not allow this, teams will then try to use the "dig" stroke to put the ball sraight up in the air, then have a team member set the ball on a looping trajectory to a player at the front of the team court, who will then spike the ball as described.
Until recently, it was a foul if the ball contacted any part of the body below the waist. However, modern rules allow any part of the body to hit the ball, including the legs. Kick volleyball, where the ball is primarily contacted with the feet, is a popular variant, particular in South American countries.
Beach volleyball
A new variation of the game, beach volleyball, has evolved from the popular social games of volleyball played on many beaches around the world. This version, rather than played on indoor hard courts, is played on sand courts which may either be formed naturally or built specifically for the purpose. Instead of a team of six, each team consists of only two players, but otherwise the rules are identical.
One of the facets of beach volleyball is the use of hand signals by players to indicate to their partner what sort of play they intend to make. These signals are made behind the back, to avoid the opposition seeing the signals. Combined with the standard attire of female competitors, these pictures proved irresistable to editors of tabloid newspapers.
It started in Santa Monica, California in the 1920s. A decade later, beach volleyball began to appear in Europe. By the 1940s, two man tournaments were being played on the beaches of Santa Monica for trophies. In the 1960s, an attempt to start a professional volleyball league was made in Santa Monica. It failed, but a professional tournament was held in France for 30,000 French Francs. In the 1970s, a few professional tournaments in Santa Monica were sponsored by beer and cigarette companies. Most of the players representing the United States in the indoor Olympic Games were coming from the beaches of Southern California. The best players had to decide whether to play in professional tournaments, or to restrict themselves to amateur tournaments, so they could be eligible for the Olympic Games. In 1996, beach volleyball became a separate Olympic sport.
History
Volleyball was invented on February 9, 1895 by William Morgan from Holyoke, Massachusetts, United States.
An international federation, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), was founded in 1947, and World Championships were instuted in 1952. Volleyball was added to the program of the Olympic Games in 1964, and has been part ever since.
وهذا عن كرة اليد
Handball
Handball is the name of two different sports.
American handball
American (or Court) handball played against one or more walls has origins in pre-Hispanic central America (about 1500 BC) and Scotland/Ireland ca 1500 AD. It is similar to (and in fact preceded) Racquetball and Squash; Jai alai is also thought to have evolved from handball. It is played on a court forty feet long by twenty feet wide with either a single (front) wall, three walls, or in a fully enclosed four-wall. It may be played singles (one player, two teams), doubles, or "cutthroat" (three players rotating one-against-two). The ball, 2.3 oz, 1 7/8 inches (slightly smaller and harder than a racquetball), is hit with the gloved palm. The ball is "served" by one team, off the front wall. The ball must hit the front wall first; it may then hit only one side wall; the serve must pass the service line before the first bounce. It may be hit directly, or may bounce off the floor once before being "returned". The return must either hit the front wall directly, or may be hit off the back wall to the front wall (without hitting the ceiling or another wall).
Handball is significantly more physically demanding than racquetball. One well-known American handball player in the 1970s was "Sweaty Freddy". Ironically, it has lost popularity due to both racquetball's rise (as players migrated) and fall (as clubs lost courts).
Link: http://ushandball.org/
Team handball
European Team (or Field) handball is similar to Association football (soccer) and may have originated in either Germany, or earlier in Greece. It is played on a field forty meters long by twenty meters wide with a dividing line in the middle and a goal in the center of either end. The goal is to throw the ball into the goal of the opposing team. The ball, somewhat smaller than a (soccer) football, is transported by bouncing it between hands and floor (much as in basketball). The goals are surrounded by a close to semicircular line which no player, save the defending goalkeeper, may take a step inside. If a player should find himself inside the goal perimeter he must immediately take the most direct path out of it.
The game is quite fast and includes much contact as the defenders tries to bodily stop the attackers from approaching the goal.
International tournaments
Men
European handball championship men
Women
European handball championship women
Handball
Handball is the name of two different sports.
American handball
American (or Court) handball played against one or more walls has origins in pre-Hispanic central America (about 1500 BC) and Scotland/Ireland ca 1500 AD. It is similar to (and in fact preceded) Racquetball and Squash; Jai alai is also thought to have evolved from handball. It is played on a court forty feet long by twenty feet wide with either a single (front) wall, three walls, or in a fully enclosed four-wall. It may be played singles (one player, two teams), doubles, or "cutthroat" (three players rotating one-against-two). The ball, 2.3 oz, 1 7/8 inches (slightly smaller and harder than a racquetball), is hit with the gloved palm. The ball is "served" by one team, off the front wall. The ball must hit the front wall first; it may then hit only one side wall; the serve must pass the service line before the first bounce. It may be hit directly, or may bounce off the floor once before being "returned". The return must either hit the front wall directly, or may be hit off the back wall to the front wall (without hitting the ceiling or another wall).
Handball is significantly more physically demanding than racquetball. One well-known American handball player in the 1970s was "Sweaty Freddy". Ironically, it has lost popularity due to both racquetball's rise (as players migrated) and fall (as clubs lost courts).
Link: http://ushandball.org/
Team handball
European Team (or Field) handball is similar to Association football (soccer) and may have originated in either Germany, or earlier in Greece. It is played on a field forty meters long by twenty meters wide with a dividing line in the middle and a goal in the center of either end. The goal is to throw the ball into the goal of the opposing team. The ball, somewhat smaller than a (soccer) football, is transported by bouncing it between hands and floor (much as in basketball). The goals are surrounded by a close to semicircular line which no player, save the defending goalkeeper, may take a step inside. If a player should find himself inside the goal perimeter he must immediately take the most direct path out of it.
The game is quite fast and includes much contact as the defenders tries to bodily stop the attackers from approaching the goal.
International tournaments
Men
European handball championship men
Women
European handball championship women
هذا واحد ثاني عن كرة القدم
Football refers to a number of different team sports, all of which involve scoring points with a round or ellipsoid ball in a goal defended by the opposing team.
The object of all football games is to advance the ball by kicking, running with, or passing and catching, either to the opponent's end of the field where points or goals can be scored by, depending on the game, putting the ball across the goal line between posts and under a crossbar, putting the ball between upright posts (and possibly over a crossbar), or advancing the ball across the opponent's goal line while maintaining possession of the ball.
In all football games, the team that wins is the one that has the most points or goals when a specified length of time has elapsed. The games all share a common heritage, and are descended from mob games of the Middle Ages.
Games descending from Warwickshire football rules
Rugby football
Rugby League
Rugby Union
Touch Rugby -- a form of Rugby without tackles.
Rugby Sevens
American and Canadian football (links below)
Australian rules football, often simply called "AFL" to distinguish it from "League" or "Union".
American football -- called simply "football" in the US, and Gridiron football in Australia.
Arena football -- an indoor version of American football
Flag football -- non-tackle American football, also known as touch football.
Canadian football -- called simply "football" in Canada.
Canadian flag football -- non-tackle Canadian football.
Gaelic football -- played on a ground similar to a rugby pitch, the rules are most similar to Australian Rules Football played with a soccer ball.
Games descended from Eton, Harrow and Winchester football rules
Association football -- called "soccer" in the US and Canada and simply "football" in most of the rest of the world
Five a side football -- indoor football
Paralympic Football -- Association football for disabled competitors.
Other games
Some places in the UK have an annual town- or village-wide football game with their own rules, often traditionally played on Shrove Tuesday. Such games can be found in:
Alnwick in Northumberland
Ashbourne in Derbyshire
Atherstone in Warwickshire
Sedgefield in County Durham
Haxey in Lincolnshire (the Haxey Hood Game on January 6)
Tabletop games
Based on association football
Subbuteo
Blow football
See also: History of football for the shared history of all these games.
Football throughout the world
Depending on which part of the world you live in, the word football when referring to a specific game can mean any one of the above.
Because of this, much friendly' controversy has erupted over the term football, primarily because it is used in different ways in different parts of the world. Two teams play against each other to score with a ball in the opponent's area. The agreement ends there.
International
Most of the world, outside of North America and Australia, use the term football to mean "Association football". Many also use "soccer" for the same game.
North America
In the United States and Canada, football almost always refers to American football or Canadian football, with Association football being referred to as soccer. It should be noted that although Canadian football is similar to American football this is not because Canadian football descends from American football. In fact, American football originated in the adoption of Rugby Union rules by Harvard University after it had played three matches against McGill University of Montreal, which followed the Rugby Union code. Proximity, common personalities, influences affecting both games, and the long-standing desire of the Canadian Football League to expand into the United States have kept them similar. For example, Canadian rugby's (precursor to Canadian football) early use of a limited number of American players and coaches helped introduce the forward pass into Canadian football several years after it was first introduced in the United States, while the CFL's interest in expansion to the United States led to the value of a touchdown being increased from 5 points to 6 in the 1950s.
Australia
In Australia, football usually means Australian Rules Football, although it can also mean Rugby League or Rugby Union. The term "Gridiron" is used to refer to the American form. Australian Rules Football was once historically called "Victorian football".
Conceptual art
Three sided football is played on a hexagonal pitch where goals are counted against the conceding side. This encourages shifting alliances and allows players a choice of goals to score in. It was devised by the artist Asger Jorn and has been promoted in England, Scotland, Italy and Austria by the Luther Blissett Three-sided Football League. The first known game played was organized by the London Psychogeographic Association at the Glasgow Anarchist Summer School in 1993.
Football refers to a number of different team sports, all of which involve scoring points with a round or ellipsoid ball in a goal defended by the opposing team.
The object of all football games is to advance the ball by kicking, running with, or passing and catching, either to the opponent's end of the field where points or goals can be scored by, depending on the game, putting the ball across the goal line between posts and under a crossbar, putting the ball between upright posts (and possibly over a crossbar), or advancing the ball across the opponent's goal line while maintaining possession of the ball.
In all football games, the team that wins is the one that has the most points or goals when a specified length of time has elapsed. The games all share a common heritage, and are descended from mob games of the Middle Ages.
Games descending from Warwickshire football rules
Rugby football
Rugby League
Rugby Union
Touch Rugby -- a form of Rugby without tackles.
Rugby Sevens
American and Canadian football (links below)
Australian rules football, often simply called "AFL" to distinguish it from "League" or "Union".
American football -- called simply "football" in the US, and Gridiron football in Australia.
Arena football -- an indoor version of American football
Flag football -- non-tackle American football, also known as touch football.
Canadian football -- called simply "football" in Canada.
Canadian flag football -- non-tackle Canadian football.
Gaelic football -- played on a ground similar to a rugby pitch, the rules are most similar to Australian Rules Football played with a soccer ball.
Games descended from Eton, Harrow and Winchester football rules
Association football -- called "soccer" in the US and Canada and simply "football" in most of the rest of the world
Five a side football -- indoor football
Paralympic Football -- Association football for disabled competitors.
Other games
Some places in the UK have an annual town- or village-wide football game with their own rules, often traditionally played on Shrove Tuesday. Such games can be found in:
Alnwick in Northumberland
Ashbourne in Derbyshire
Atherstone in Warwickshire
Sedgefield in County Durham
Haxey in Lincolnshire (the Haxey Hood Game on January 6)
Tabletop games
Based on association football
Subbuteo
Blow football
See also: History of football for the shared history of all these games.
Football throughout the world
Depending on which part of the world you live in, the word football when referring to a specific game can mean any one of the above.
Because of this, much friendly' controversy has erupted over the term football, primarily because it is used in different ways in different parts of the world. Two teams play against each other to score with a ball in the opponent's area. The agreement ends there.
International
Most of the world, outside of North America and Australia, use the term football to mean "Association football". Many also use "soccer" for the same game.
North America
In the United States and Canada, football almost always refers to American football or Canadian football, with Association football being referred to as soccer. It should be noted that although Canadian football is similar to American football this is not because Canadian football descends from American football. In fact, American football originated in the adoption of Rugby Union rules by Harvard University after it had played three matches against McGill University of Montreal, which followed the Rugby Union code. Proximity, common personalities, influences affecting both games, and the long-standing desire of the Canadian Football League to expand into the United States have kept them similar. For example, Canadian rugby's (precursor to Canadian football) early use of a limited number of American players and coaches helped introduce the forward pass into Canadian football several years after it was first introduced in the United States, while the CFL's interest in expansion to the United States led to the value of a touchdown being increased from 5 points to 6 in the 1950s.
Australia
In Australia, football usually means Australian Rules Football, although it can also mean Rugby League or Rugby Union. The term "Gridiron" is used to refer to the American form. Australian Rules Football was once historically called "Victorian football".
Conceptual art
Three sided football is played on a hexagonal pitch where goals are counted against the conceding side. This encourages shifting alliances and allows players a choice of goals to score in. It was devised by the artist Asger Jorn and has been promoted in England, Scotland, Italy and Austria by the Luther Blissett Three-sided Football League. The first known game played was organized by the London Psychogeographic Association at the Glasgow Anarchist Summer School in 1993.
أيضاً عن كرة القدم
Football (soccer)
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Football, (official but largely unused name: Association Football) also called soccer and occasionally known colloquially in Britain as footy is the most popular team sport in the world in both number of spectators and number of active participants. The international governing body of football is the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). In many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, South America and ever increasingly in Africa, football is more than just a game: it is a way of life. Millions of people play for amateur clubs or regularly go to a stadium to follow their home team and avidly watch the game on television. Countries from these areas dominate the international game.
Name
The name Association football was first used when the sport was codified by the Football Association to distinguish it from the numerous versions of football that were around at the time. The word soccer is a colloquial abbreviation of 'Association' and first appeared in the 1880s. The word is sometimes credited to a student at Oxford called Charles Wreford Brown. He is said to have often referred to breakfast as 'brekkers' and rugby football as 'rugger' etc. He went on to play for the English national side and became vice-president of the Football Association. The term 'Association football' is rarely used today, though some clubs still use Association Football Club ("AFC") in their names.
In the late 19th century the word 'soccer' tended to be used by the upper-classes who played the game under that name at public schools, whilst the majority of working class people used the word 'football'. The sport was exported by expatriate Britons to much of the rest of the world and many of these nations adopted the common English term into their own language. Accordingly, it became Fußball in German, voetbal in Dutch, fotball in Scandinavian languages, futebol in Portuguese, and fútbol in Spanish. In French the word remained unchanged as le football (but is often shortened to le foot), although in Quebec the word is le soccer. In Italy, a ceremonial Florentine court ritual known as il calcio storico ("kickball in costume") bore enough similarly to the imported game for the word calcio to be accepted instead.
Partly as a result of Australian, football is colloquially known in Britain as footie, although in Australia itself, the word footy means either Rugby League or Australian Rules never soccer. The term 'footer' was once used, but is now obsolete.
Today the word 'soccer' is predominantly used by English-speaking nations that have evolved their own native codes of football not directly related to the Association game.
Australia - see: Australian Rules football
Republic of Ireland - see: Gaelic football
Canada - see: Canadian football
United States - see: American football
However, this was not always the case. Indeed, the first Association football team formed outside Britain was the Oneida Football Club of Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Early leagues in the US mostly called themselves football leagues, including the American League of Professional Football, National Association Football League and the Southern New England Football League.
The governing body of the sport in the US did not drop the word 'football' from its name until 1974, and did not have the word 'soccer' in its name until 1945. What is now the United States Soccer Federation (USSF) was originally the US Football Association, and was formed in 1912 by the merger of the American Football Association and the American Amateur Football Association. In 1945 the word 'soccer' was added to the official name of the organization and the word 'football' was kept, resulting in the name of "US Soccer Football Association".
The USSFA later dropped the word 'football', replacing it with another word beginning with "F" to become what it is today, the USSF or US Soccer Federation. Similarly in Australia the early governing bodies used the term 'British Football' (i.e. the Southern British Football Association in New South Wales, the Anglo-Australian Football Association in Victoria and the British Football Associations of Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania.
In countries that didn't develop a rival sport with a claim to the name football the word 'soccer' was very rarely used. Today the growing use of the word may well owe much to the cultural dominance of the USA, which is shaping language and definitions well beyond its borders. However football remains by far the most common word used worldwide to describe the sport.
The Laws of Football
The rules of football are known as Laws of Football[1] and are based on efforts made in the mid-19th century to standardise the rules of the widely varying games of football played at the public schoolss and universities of England. The first set of rules resembling the modern game were produced at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1848, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury, but it was far from universally adopted. In particular, the width of a football goal is defined as the distance between two trees in a Cambridge park. A number of revised rules were subsequently proposed, most notably by the Sheffield football club (formed by former pupils from Harrow) in 1857 and the rules of JC Thring in 1862. These efforts culminated in the formation of the Football Association in 1863 which first met on the evening of October 26 1863. Between October and December the Freemason's Tavern in Great Queen Street, London, was the setting for a series of six meetings which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the representative from Blackheath withdrew his club from the FA over a rule outlawing hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins). The Blackheath club later went on to form the Rugby Football Union.
Today the laws of football are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The board was formed in 1882 after a meeting in Manchester of the Football Association, the Scottish Football Association (SFA), the Football Association of Wales (FAW) and the Irish Football Association (IFA) (now the governing body in Northern Ireland and not to be confused with the Football Assocation of Ireland (FAI) the governing body in the Republic of Ireland). The International football body FIFA was formed in Paris in 1884 and declared that they would adhere to the rules laid down by the IFAB. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in 1913. Today the board is made up of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the British associations.
The official rules of the game are
Law 1: The Field of Play
Law 2: The Ball
Law 3: The Number of Players
Law 4: The Players' Equipment
Law 5: The Referee
Law 6: The Assistant Referees
Law 7: The Duration of the Match
Law 8: The Start and Restart of Play
Law 9: The Ball In and Out of Play
Law 10: The Method of Scoring
Law 11: Offside
Law 12: Fouls and Misconduct
Law 13: Free Kicks
Law 14: The Penalty Kick
Law 15: The Throw-In
Law 16: The Goal Kick
Law 17: The Corner Kick
Object of the game
Two teams of eleven players on each side contend to get a spherical ball into the other team's goal. The side which does this the most frequently is the winner. The primary rule for this objective is that nearly all players cannot use their hands or arms in any way while on the field.
Officials
The game is presided over by a referee, whose decisions are final, assisted by two linesmen, now officially referred to in these days of PC as referee's assistants. In many games a replacement is available, and he or she is commonly known as the fourth official
Teams
Each team has a goal keeper that is allowed to touch the ball with his arms and shoulders when he is standing within the outer marked area around the home goal, which is called the penalty area (aka the "box"). The penalty area or the 18 yards box, has limits set 18 yards to each side of the goal, and 18 yards in front of it.
The ten outfield players on either side are not allowed to touch the ball with their arms or shoulders whilst the ball is in play, but may however play it with any other part of their anatomies. The sole exception to this is when the ball is kicked out of play and a throw in results.
A number, (variable by league and nation), of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The usual reasons for a player's replacement include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or to waste a little time at the end of a finely poised game.
Playing field
Standard football pitch measurements (Large) (Metric) According to IFAB regulations the length of the football field (or "pitch") for international matches should be in the range 100-110 metres and the width should be in the range 64-75 metres. (For other matches the constraints are looser: 90-120 metres length by 45-90 metres width.) The area is under a hectare.
The pitch is divided at the centre: this is the halfway line. Exactly halfway across the halfway line is the centre spot (this is where the ball commences play from). A circle is drawn around the centre spot, the centre circle which has a radius of 10 yards (9.144 m) from the centre spot.
At either end of the pitch is a goal. This is a letterbox-shaped receptacle with a net behind it whose dimensions are: 8 feet (2.44 m) in height and 24 feet (7.32 m) in width. Two boxes are marked out on the pitch in front of the goal. The smaller box, which is laid out to surround the goal at an equal distance of 6 yards (5.5 m) denotes where the goalkeeper can take goal kicks from. The outer box is known as the penalty area or the 18 yard box, and is set 18 yards (16.5 m) to each side of the goal, and 18 yards in front of it. A small semicircle is also drawn at the edge of the penalty area, the D, 10 yards (9.5m) from the penalty spot. This is an exclusion zone for all players other than the one taking the kick in the event of a penalty being awarded.
The penalty spot is immediately in the middle of and 12 yards (11 m) in front of the goal.
In each corner of the pitch a small quarter circle with a 1 yard radius is drawn where corner kicks are taken from.
Duration
Ordinarily a match lasts 90 minutes (two halves - 45 minutes each) plus any additional time for stoppages. The only events for which time may be added are for the assessment of injured players, the removal of injured players and time wasting (which may include time for substitutions). Some games, particularly knock-out competition matches, provide for 'extra time' in the event of a tied result at the end of normal time. Other variations on a theme such as the 'golden goal' or 'penalty shoot-outs' may also be involved in concluding a game.
Events
The major international competition in football is the World Cup organised by FIFA. The World Cup competition takes place over a two year period. Over 160 national teams compete in regional qualifying tournaments for a place in the finals. The final tournament which is held every four years, now involves 32 national teams (increased from 24 in 1998) competing over a 4 week period.
The major national competitions of the continents are:
Europe: European Championship
South America: Copa America
Africa: African Nations Cup
Asia: Asian Cup
North America: CONCACAF Gold Cup
Oceania: Oceania Cup
The major club event in Europe is the Champions League
Violence
This has a bad side, as groups of fanatics have often caused disturbances and sometimes tragedies (see hooligans, Heysel Stadium disaster and Football War).
National leagues
Here is a list of links to national league football teams:
Argentinian Football League Teams
Brazilian Football League Teams
Bulgarian Football League Teams
Cypriot Football League Teams
Dutch Football League teams
English Football League teams
French Football League Teams
German Football League Teams
Greek soccer league teams
Hungarian Football League Teams
Italian Football League
Japanese Football League Teams
Mexican Football League Teams
Norwegian Football League teams
Polish Football League Teams
Romanian Football League Teams
Russian Football League Teams
Scottish Football League
Serbo-Montenegrin Football League
Sierra Leonean Football League teams
South African Premier Soccer League Teams
Spanish football league teams
Turkish football league teams
Ukrainian Football League Teams
United States soccer teams
Welsh football league teams
Standard for football club information
National football teams
Here is a list of links to pages relating to national football teams:
Argentinian national football team
Brazilian national football team
English national football team
French national football team
German national football team
Iranian national football team
Italian national football team
Japanese national football team
Norwegian national football team
Swedish national football team
Football (soccer)
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Football, (official but largely unused name: Association Football) also called soccer and occasionally known colloquially in Britain as footy is the most popular team sport in the world in both number of spectators and number of active participants. The international governing body of football is the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). In many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, South America and ever increasingly in Africa, football is more than just a game: it is a way of life. Millions of people play for amateur clubs or regularly go to a stadium to follow their home team and avidly watch the game on television. Countries from these areas dominate the international game.
Name
The name Association football was first used when the sport was codified by the Football Association to distinguish it from the numerous versions of football that were around at the time. The word soccer is a colloquial abbreviation of 'Association' and first appeared in the 1880s. The word is sometimes credited to a student at Oxford called Charles Wreford Brown. He is said to have often referred to breakfast as 'brekkers' and rugby football as 'rugger' etc. He went on to play for the English national side and became vice-president of the Football Association. The term 'Association football' is rarely used today, though some clubs still use Association Football Club ("AFC") in their names.
In the late 19th century the word 'soccer' tended to be used by the upper-classes who played the game under that name at public schools, whilst the majority of working class people used the word 'football'. The sport was exported by expatriate Britons to much of the rest of the world and many of these nations adopted the common English term into their own language. Accordingly, it became Fußball in German, voetbal in Dutch, fotball in Scandinavian languages, futebol in Portuguese, and fútbol in Spanish. In French the word remained unchanged as le football (but is often shortened to le foot), although in Quebec the word is le soccer. In Italy, a ceremonial Florentine court ritual known as il calcio storico ("kickball in costume") bore enough similarly to the imported game for the word calcio to be accepted instead.
Partly as a result of Australian, football is colloquially known in Britain as footie, although in Australia itself, the word footy means either Rugby League or Australian Rules never soccer. The term 'footer' was once used, but is now obsolete.
Today the word 'soccer' is predominantly used by English-speaking nations that have evolved their own native codes of football not directly related to the Association game.
Australia - see: Australian Rules football
Republic of Ireland - see: Gaelic football
Canada - see: Canadian football
United States - see: American football
However, this was not always the case. Indeed, the first Association football team formed outside Britain was the Oneida Football Club of Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Early leagues in the US mostly called themselves football leagues, including the American League of Professional Football, National Association Football League and the Southern New England Football League.
The governing body of the sport in the US did not drop the word 'football' from its name until 1974, and did not have the word 'soccer' in its name until 1945. What is now the United States Soccer Federation (USSF) was originally the US Football Association, and was formed in 1912 by the merger of the American Football Association and the American Amateur Football Association. In 1945 the word 'soccer' was added to the official name of the organization and the word 'football' was kept, resulting in the name of "US Soccer Football Association".
The USSFA later dropped the word 'football', replacing it with another word beginning with "F" to become what it is today, the USSF or US Soccer Federation. Similarly in Australia the early governing bodies used the term 'British Football' (i.e. the Southern British Football Association in New South Wales, the Anglo-Australian Football Association in Victoria and the British Football Associations of Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania.
In countries that didn't develop a rival sport with a claim to the name football the word 'soccer' was very rarely used. Today the growing use of the word may well owe much to the cultural dominance of the USA, which is shaping language and definitions well beyond its borders. However football remains by far the most common word used worldwide to describe the sport.
The Laws of Football
The rules of football are known as Laws of Football[1] and are based on efforts made in the mid-19th century to standardise the rules of the widely varying games of football played at the public schoolss and universities of England. The first set of rules resembling the modern game were produced at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1848, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury, but it was far from universally adopted. In particular, the width of a football goal is defined as the distance between two trees in a Cambridge park. A number of revised rules were subsequently proposed, most notably by the Sheffield football club (formed by former pupils from Harrow) in 1857 and the rules of JC Thring in 1862. These efforts culminated in the formation of the Football Association in 1863 which first met on the evening of October 26 1863. Between October and December the Freemason's Tavern in Great Queen Street, London, was the setting for a series of six meetings which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the representative from Blackheath withdrew his club from the FA over a rule outlawing hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins). The Blackheath club later went on to form the Rugby Football Union.
Today the laws of football are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The board was formed in 1882 after a meeting in Manchester of the Football Association, the Scottish Football Association (SFA), the Football Association of Wales (FAW) and the Irish Football Association (IFA) (now the governing body in Northern Ireland and not to be confused with the Football Assocation of Ireland (FAI) the governing body in the Republic of Ireland). The International football body FIFA was formed in Paris in 1884 and declared that they would adhere to the rules laid down by the IFAB. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in 1913. Today the board is made up of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the British associations.
The official rules of the game are
Law 1: The Field of Play
Law 2: The Ball
Law 3: The Number of Players
Law 4: The Players' Equipment
Law 5: The Referee
Law 6: The Assistant Referees
Law 7: The Duration of the Match
Law 8: The Start and Restart of Play
Law 9: The Ball In and Out of Play
Law 10: The Method of Scoring
Law 11: Offside
Law 12: Fouls and Misconduct
Law 13: Free Kicks
Law 14: The Penalty Kick
Law 15: The Throw-In
Law 16: The Goal Kick
Law 17: The Corner Kick
Object of the game
Two teams of eleven players on each side contend to get a spherical ball into the other team's goal. The side which does this the most frequently is the winner. The primary rule for this objective is that nearly all players cannot use their hands or arms in any way while on the field.
Officials
The game is presided over by a referee, whose decisions are final, assisted by two linesmen, now officially referred to in these days of PC as referee's assistants. In many games a replacement is available, and he or she is commonly known as the fourth official
Teams
Each team has a goal keeper that is allowed to touch the ball with his arms and shoulders when he is standing within the outer marked area around the home goal, which is called the penalty area (aka the "box"). The penalty area or the 18 yards box, has limits set 18 yards to each side of the goal, and 18 yards in front of it.
The ten outfield players on either side are not allowed to touch the ball with their arms or shoulders whilst the ball is in play, but may however play it with any other part of their anatomies. The sole exception to this is when the ball is kicked out of play and a throw in results.
A number, (variable by league and nation), of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The usual reasons for a player's replacement include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or to waste a little time at the end of a finely poised game.
Playing field
Standard football pitch measurements (Large) (Metric) According to IFAB regulations the length of the football field (or "pitch") for international matches should be in the range 100-110 metres and the width should be in the range 64-75 metres. (For other matches the constraints are looser: 90-120 metres length by 45-90 metres width.) The area is under a hectare.
The pitch is divided at the centre: this is the halfway line. Exactly halfway across the halfway line is the centre spot (this is where the ball commences play from). A circle is drawn around the centre spot, the centre circle which has a radius of 10 yards (9.144 m) from the centre spot.
At either end of the pitch is a goal. This is a letterbox-shaped receptacle with a net behind it whose dimensions are: 8 feet (2.44 m) in height and 24 feet (7.32 m) in width. Two boxes are marked out on the pitch in front of the goal. The smaller box, which is laid out to surround the goal at an equal distance of 6 yards (5.5 m) denotes where the goalkeeper can take goal kicks from. The outer box is known as the penalty area or the 18 yard box, and is set 18 yards (16.5 m) to each side of the goal, and 18 yards in front of it. A small semicircle is also drawn at the edge of the penalty area, the D, 10 yards (9.5m) from the penalty spot. This is an exclusion zone for all players other than the one taking the kick in the event of a penalty being awarded.
The penalty spot is immediately in the middle of and 12 yards (11 m) in front of the goal.
In each corner of the pitch a small quarter circle with a 1 yard radius is drawn where corner kicks are taken from.
Duration
Ordinarily a match lasts 90 minutes (two halves - 45 minutes each) plus any additional time for stoppages. The only events for which time may be added are for the assessment of injured players, the removal of injured players and time wasting (which may include time for substitutions). Some games, particularly knock-out competition matches, provide for 'extra time' in the event of a tied result at the end of normal time. Other variations on a theme such as the 'golden goal' or 'penalty shoot-outs' may also be involved in concluding a game.
Events
The major international competition in football is the World Cup organised by FIFA. The World Cup competition takes place over a two year period. Over 160 national teams compete in regional qualifying tournaments for a place in the finals. The final tournament which is held every four years, now involves 32 national teams (increased from 24 in 1998) competing over a 4 week period.
The major national competitions of the continents are:
Europe: European Championship
South America: Copa America
Africa: African Nations Cup
Asia: Asian Cup
North America: CONCACAF Gold Cup
Oceania: Oceania Cup
The major club event in Europe is the Champions League
Violence
This has a bad side, as groups of fanatics have often caused disturbances and sometimes tragedies (see hooligans, Heysel Stadium disaster and Football War).
National leagues
Here is a list of links to national league football teams:
Argentinian Football League Teams
Brazilian Football League Teams
Bulgarian Football League Teams
Cypriot Football League Teams
Dutch Football League teams
English Football League teams
French Football League Teams
German Football League Teams
Greek soccer league teams
Hungarian Football League Teams
Italian Football League
Japanese Football League Teams
Mexican Football League Teams
Norwegian Football League teams
Polish Football League Teams
Romanian Football League Teams
Russian Football League Teams
Scottish Football League
Serbo-Montenegrin Football League
Sierra Leonean Football League teams
South African Premier Soccer League Teams
Spanish football league teams
Turkish football league teams
Ukrainian Football League Teams
United States soccer teams
Welsh football league teams
Standard for football club information
National football teams
Here is a list of links to pages relating to national football teams:
Argentinian national football team
Brazilian national football team
English national football team
French national football team
German national football team
Iranian national football team
Italian national football team
Japanese national football team
Norwegian national football team
Swedish national football team
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