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عن فيضانات تسونامي

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General

Tsunami means - a “huge wave in the bay”- and the word originated from Japanese. The recent science recognized as tsunamis all long sea waves generated by sources from different but not meteorological origins. These are – earthquakes, submarine volcanic eruptions, submarine and surface landslides and rockfalls, etc. The vulnerable areas from the tsunamis are: the near shore zones – ports, facilities, infrastructure. Most vulnerable are lowlands, steep bays, lagoons, estuaries, deltas, etc.

The strong earthquakes generate tsunamis when the epicenters are located under the sea bottom (more than 90% of all observed cases). Sometimes tsunamis appeared after the earthquakes with epicenters outside the aquatory of the see. One famous case is described by Ch. F. Richter in its famous “Elementary seismology” concerning the case of the strong (M~8) North Anatolian Great (Erzindzan) Earthquake occurred on 25/26 Dec. 1939. It generates the tsunami waves in the Black Sea, recorded by many Russian mareograph stations.

The hugest world tsunamis generated by earthquakes during the last 55 years are: 1952 – Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Far East) – 18 – 19 meters high (more than 2000 fatalities), 1960 – Chile – 25 meters high (more than 500 fatalities), 1964 – Alaska – 67 meters (more than 100 fatalities reported), 26 December 2004 - Indian Ocean - up to 30 meters high (more than 200.000 deads) - 8 countries affected on three continents.

Other generators of tsunamis are the submarine (or surface located on the islands or the near shore areas) volcanic eruptions. The famous Krakatoa eruption in 1883 generated huge tsunamis (up to 30-40 meters), which attacked the Indonesia (Batavia) seashore and killed many people (about 36000 fatalities have been reported).

Very frequent the submarine and/or surface landslides also produce tsunamis. The highest tsunami observed ever by the humans occurred not so far ago. In 1958 (July 10th) the surface landslide triggered by a strong earthquake has generated in the Lituya Bay (Alaska) the hugest wave. It reached more than 525 meters.


This natural disaster can be produced as well, by the men-made activity. Some of the nuclear tests during the 60-ies (in Polynesia, on Bikini and Moororoa atolls, and some other places) were focused on the efforts and possibilities to generate the tsunami by the underwater nuclear explosions. The results obtained show that this is one of the small amount of natural disasters, which can be produced by man activity.



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