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Son of a post office clerk, Nasser was born in Alexandria, Egypt, on January 15, 1918, and grew up in a small village in the Nile delta of the British-ruled country. Later he lived in Cairo, where he took part in many anti-British demonstrations. He studied law before entering the Royal Military Academy. At age 20 he graduated as second lieutenant. While serving in the Sudan during the late 1940s, he and three other officers founded the secret Free Officers revolutionary organization. Their objective was the overthrow of the British regime and the Egyptian royal family.

In July 1952, the Free Officers staged their coup, which, under Nasser's influence, succeeded virtually without bloodshed. Remaining in the background at first, Nasser took public control of the new regime in 1954. Nasser's government pursued significant land and social reforms. After an assassination attempt in 1954, Nasser cracked down on the Muslim Brotherhood. In 1956 Nasser pronounced Egypt a socialist state, with a one-party system and with Islam as its official religion. The same year the United States canceled an offer to finance the Aswan High Dam project. In response, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal. He also continued his purchases of military equipment from Soviet bloc countries. He had gone there after being turned down by the West, which rightly suspected plans to use the weapons against Israel. The latter attacked in October 1956. Egypt took a beating from Israeli troops aided by the British and the French. Both Washington and Moscow worked to curb the conflict.

Many Arabs admired Nasser as a champion of Arab interests, a reputation he cultivated. In 1958 Egypt and Syria formed the United Arab Republic. Nasser fervently hoped that eventually all Arab nations would join, but in 1961, Syria withdrew from the union. During the late 1950s and the 1960s, Nasser frequently intervened in other Arab countries. With Soviet help, Nasser succeeded in completing the Aswan Dam, greatly accelerating the modernization of his country. He also made Egypt one of the leading members of the Non-Aligned Movement. One of Nasser's greatest accomplishments is that he stayed in power for 18 years in the face of a large number of domestic competitors and opponents. However, he did turn Egypt into a police state with censorship, phone-tapping, staged elections and political prisoners. In the wake of Egypt's defeat by Israel in the Six Day War of 1967, Nasser responded favorably to a U.S. proposal for a settlement of the Middle East conflict. He died in the midst of the deliberations of a sudden heart attack on September 28, 1970, in Cairo, Egypt, at age 52.